Preparation and FTIR-ATR combined with chemometrics analysis of self-emulsifying loaded sungkai extract from Peronema canecens

The use of immunomodulators is one strategy in maintaining the immune system during the Covid-19 pandemic. Sungkai leaf extract from Peronema canecens keeps the immune system in good shape. Therefore, in this study, we formulated a self-emulsifying loaded sungkai leaves extract (SE-SLE) with oleic acid and virgin coconut oil (VCO) oil phases, span 80 and tween 80 as surfactants and co-surfactants in the form of PEG-400 and PG. Chemometric analysis was conducted by observing the typical pattern in each FTIR-ATR spectra. The pattern is divided into several groups based on the wavenumber and analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) to identify the compounds contained therein. Grouping based on chemical properties via IR spectra on SE-SLE resulted in two large groups. The results obtained are beneficial as initial information in developing and optimizing the self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system formula.Copyright © RJPT All right reserved.

Optimizing Procedures of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Waste Orange Peels by Response Surface Methodology.

The simultaneous effects of three continuous factors: solvent concentration (50-100%), treated times (25-85 min), treated temperatures (25-55 °C), and two categorical factors: type of solvents (methanol or ethanol) and ultrasonic frequency (28 kHz or 40 kHz) on ultrasonic-assisted extraction yield from waste orange peels were evaluated and optimized by response surface methodology. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy with a wavelength of 500 cm-1 to 4000 cm-1 was employed to rapidly identify the orange extracts. The significant polynomial regression models on crude extraction, sediments after evaporation, and precipitation yield were established (p < 0.05). Results revealed that solvent concentration affected crude extraction and precipitation yield linearly (p < 0.01). The optimal and practical ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions for increasing the precipitation yield were using 61.42% methanol with 85 min at 55 °C under 40 kHz ultrasonic frequency. The spectra of extracts showed a similar fingerprint of hesperidin.

Green and Non-conventional Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Olive Leaves: Screening of Novel Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Investigation of Process Parameters.

ABSTRACT: Olive leaf as an agricultural waste contains valuable bioactive compounds that are mainly used for pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Lately the major component, oleuropein, has gained extra attention due to the anti-viral activity against SARS-CoV-2 that causes Coronavirus disease (Covid-19). In this study, extraction of the bioactive compounds from olive leaves was conducted using a non-conventional and green method. New generation green solvents, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) were used in combination with ultrasound assisted extraction. Screening of NADES type, temperature, and particle size were investigated using one-pot-at-a-time method while, NADES amount and liquid-to-solid ratio were optimized using experimental design. The results were evaluated in terms of total polyphenol yield (YTP), total flavonoid yield (YTF) and antiradical activity (AAR). At the optimized conditions, the highest total polyphenol yield and the highest total flavonoid yield were achieved with choline chloride-fructose-water (CFW) (5:2:5) as 187.31 ± 10.3 mg gallic acid equivalent g-1 dw and 12.75 ± 0.6 mg apigenin equivalent g-1 dw, respectively. The extracts were also analyzed for oleuropein, caffeic acid and luteolin contents. The highest amount of oleuropein and caffeic acid were extracted by glucose-fructose-water (GFW) (1:1:11) as 1630.80 mg kg-1 dw and 112.77 mg kg-1 dw, respectively. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version of this article (10.1007/s12649-021-01411-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.